A parity check is a simple error detection mechanism used in digital communication and data storage to detect errors in transmitted or stored data. It ensures that the number of bits with a value of 1 in a binary sequence is either even or odd, depending on the type of parity used.

There are two types of parity:

1. Even Parity: Ensures that the total number of 1 bits in the data (including the parity bit) is even.
2. Odd Parity: Ensures that the total number of 1 bits in the data (including the parity bit) is odd.

• A parity bit is added to the original binary data to enforce the selected parity (even or odd).
• After data is transmitted or stored, a parity check is performed by counting the 1 bits in the received data (including the parity bit).
  • For even parity, the number of 1s should be even.
  • For odd parity, the number of 1s should be odd.
• If the parity condition is violated, an error is detected, indicating that the data may have been corrupted during transmission or storage.

Let’s assume we are transmitting the following 7-bit binary data: 1011001.

1. Count the number of 1 bits: There are four 1s in the data.
2. Apply even parity: Since there are an even number of 1s, the parity bit is set to 0 to maintain even parity.
3. Data to transmit: 10110010 (the parity bit 0 is added at the end).

When the data is received, the system checks the number of 1s:

• If the number of 1s is even, the data is considered correct.
• If the number of 1s is odd, an error is detected.

Parity checks are commonly used in:

• Data transmission protocols: To ensure data integrity when sending bits over a communication channel.
• Memory systems: Error-detecting memory like Parity RAM uses parity bits to detect errors in stored data.
• Magnetic storage and hard drives: To ensure that stored data hasn't been corrupted.

Disadvantages:

• Limited error detection: Parity checks can only detect single-bit errors (if one bit flips). It cannot detect multi-bit errors, where two or more bits are changed.
• No error correction: Parity checks only detect errors but cannot correct them. For correction, more advanced techniques like Hamming codes.

Let's see a C code to check 8 bits parity.

#include <stdio.h>

int check_parity(unsigned char num) {
    int count = 0;

    // Count the number of 1 bits
    while (num) {
        count += num & 1;
        num >>= 1;
    }

    // If the count of 1 bits is even, the parity is correct
    return (count % 2 == 0);
}

int main() {
    char binary[9]; // 8 bits + 1 space for the null terminator
    unsigned char num = 0;

    printf("Enter an 8-bit binary number: ");
    scanf("%8s", binary);

    // Convert the binary string to an 8-bit unsigned integer
    for (int i = 0; i < 8; i++) {
        num <<= 1;                // Shift bits to the left by one position
        if (binary[i] == '1') {
            num |= 1;             // Set the lowest bit if the current character is '1'
        }
    }

    if (check_parity(num)) {
        printf("Parity is correct (even number of 1 bits).\n");
    } else {
        printf("Parity is incorrect (odd number of 1 bits).\n");
    }

    return 0;
}